Slopes in geography pdf

Slope angle and slope length calculations are an integral part of many environmental analyses, particularly erosion models. Digital geographical information system is a new tool for making maps. The study of geography as a discipline notes 3 nature of geography as a discipline in brief. Divide the length of the main channel into equal horizontal segments taking into consideration its slope. Slope movement types and processes transportation research. Global positioning systems gps conceptual models of geographic space. Delmas scruggs department of geography, university of tennessee, 304 burchfiel geography building, knoxville, tn 379960925, usa received 27 november 2001.

Gentle slope when the degree or angle of slope of a feature is very low, the slope will be gentle. Most often, the concave element of a slope occurs as a basal concavity. What are the factors that influence slope stability. The factor of safety with respect to strength f as expressed in equation 11. Used in a generalsense, slope refers to any geometric element of the earths solid surface. A slope which becomes progressively steeper downhill. Mass wasting, also known as slope movement or mass movement, is the geomorphic process by which soil, sand, regolith, and rock move downslope typically as a solid, continuous or discontinuous mass, largely under the force of gravity, frequently with characteristics of a flow as in debris flows and mudflows. In a depression, the contour lines also form circles. Crossshore profile of lidarbased elevations from the outer banks of north carolina, surveyed in november 2012, indicating the locations and elevations of the dune crest, dune toe, shoreline, mean beach slope. Ncert solutions for class 9 geography social science chapter. Geography notes form 1 free download kcse revision. The geography syllabus builds upon skills gained at. Geography notes form 2 free download kcse revision notes pdf.

Convex slope a slope which becomes progressively steeper downhill. Under oceans this is known as sea floor spreading and creates midocean ridges. Unfortunately, there are problems with most of the methods currently available for the calculation of these parameters. Mass movements and mass movement processes mass movements and their human impacts mass movement is defined as the down slope movement of rock and regolith near the earths surface mainly due to the force of gravity. Spatial planning can be done using both maps and the study of geography basic concepts. What are the factors that influence the slope development. While federal legislation indirectly permits the regulation of steep slopes, the commonwealths constitution, and more specifically, the mpc, clearly authorizes local municipalities to adopt steep slope regulations. The second unit of the manual deals with the map reading contents of grade 10 geography, which embrace identification of direction, measurement of direction and bearing, position on maps, map enlargement and reduction, methods of showing relief on maps, slopes and gradients and field distance. Depositional slopes deposits of weather material build up to form inclined surfaces, mounds and hills when an agent of erosion e. Tectonic movements and eustatic change of sea level are highly important. The factors influencing slope development are numerous. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

The slopes of embankments and earth dams are examples of finite. Concave slope a slope which becomes progressively steeper uphill. The long slope of the face of a mountain is an example of this type, whereas finite slopes are limited in extent. A branch of geography that studies how different processes operate in different climatic zones, thus producing different slope forms. The extent of the impact that a development will have on a slope can be divided into categories based on land uses. Steep slopes can provide significant benefit to local water supplies. Slope and topography describe the shape and relief of the land.

Flared slopes are smooth concavities caused by subsurface moisturegenerated weathering in the scarpfoot zone of hillslopes or boulders. Download access to geography weathering slopes and landforms in pdf and epub formats for free. Slope form is the shape of the slope in cross section. Slope processes and development geography igcse and a level. Slope processes are those that generate and transport soil or regolith. Understanding slope processes is of particular interest to land use planners, and because slopes often reflect changes in lithology they are of particular interest to bedrock mappers. The average slope of the catchment area is calculated as in fig. Slope a small strip or patch of the land surface that is inclined from the horizontal is mantled with regolith, which grades down into, unaltered rock called bedrock regolith provides the source f sediment, which consists of rocks and mineral particles soil and regolith blanket the bedrock, except in a few. The term infinite slope is used to designate a constant slope of infinite extent. The lowest intensity uses are passive recreation and other uses that preserve open. There are sizable areas of steep slope along the hillsides of weisenberg and lowhill townships in lehigh county and in municipalities along the lehigh and delaware rivers map 1. The contours of different types of slopes show a distinct spacing pattern.

Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. On a map the contour lines will be spaced closer together with a decline in height above sealevel. Aspect also describes flat land and refers to the direction one section of land faces with respect to another section. In geography, aspect denotes the compass direction in which the slope of a mountain faces. Practical w ork in geography gentle slope steep slope types of slope the slopes can broadly be classified into gentle, steep, concave, convex and irregular or undulating. Landslides from steep or unstable slopes can do great damage by depositing gravel and silt into streams. The solutions for chapter 3 of geography are given below. For example, a coastline has a westerly aspect if the sea is on the west. Convex slope elements are usually gentle, generally at the top of a slope, and formed by soil creep and rainsplash.

Slope refers to the elevation difference between two points of a unit distance. Slope forms characteristic slopes the angle of the dominant slope segment that is achieved when the slope profile is in equilibrium with the predominant slope. Students should also check ncert solutions for class 9 for other subjects. Geoscientists make and use them to construct geologic maps, to find the best building sites, to estimate where flooding will take place, and to determine the best sites for. Ncert solutions for class 9 social studies geography chapter 3 drainage. Typical slope angle computation methods calculate an average slope based upon. It is closely related to soil science, hydrology, geology and environmental science, and is being increasingly applied in.

Contour lines contour lines can show slopes or landforms. Ridges are elevated mountain ranges on the ocean floor that consist of rock that is hotter and less dense than the older, colder plate. This is defined as the ratio between the maximum height of a slope to the actual height of a slope and may be expressed as follows. Pdf geography an integrated approach download full pdf. Generally it is the area between a watershed or drainage basin divide and the base of the slope.

Grade slope the grade also called slope, incline, gradient, mainfall, pitch or rise of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. Use intensity is lower in the other residential categories and decreases further for community facilities. Access to geography weathering slopes and landforms book also available for read online, mobi, docx and mobile and kindle reading. Aug 23, 2015 inputs to the slopes include energy, such as insolation, and mass, such as water and sediment. Each slope has its own soil characteristics and geometric features, in order to resist gravity or collapse. A slope represented with contour lines close to each other on a topographical map. Studying geomorphological processes provides significant insight into the formation of the various structures and features in landscapes worldwide, which can then be used as a background for studying many other aspects of physical. Geography notes form 1 free download kcse revision notes pdf. Study of land slopes needed in geography a basic understanding of the topog raphy of a region, elevation, altitudinal variations and a thorough. A rise of 100 feet over a run of 100 feet yields a 100 percent slope. Slopes and slope processes including mass wasting anthony newton smithson et al.

A method for determining average beach slope and beach slope. Methods for slope angle and slope length calculations for. Examples are alluvial fans, alluvial cones, deltas and sand dunes. Convex slope a slope which becomes progressively steeper. Slope stability and slope formation in the flysch zone of the. Faults, angle of dip and vulcanicity can affect strength of rock and create lines of weakness in it.

Slopes can be genetically categorizes into primary slopes, formed by processes that tend to promote relief, and secondary slopes, formed by processes tending to decrease relief. Department of geography, university of durham, science laboratories. Deals with the study of natural physical environment of human kind. Topographic maps are used to understand the shape of the land, whether a slope will fail, how glaciers are changing, and geologic history, among many other things. The new york state geological survey has produced a geographic data set of bedrock. Typically, the most intense uses are industrial, commercial, and multifamily residential. Slope is also referred to as gradient and is represented as percent slopes or degree slopes. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. Additionally, we look at the concept, causes as well as kinds of mass movements. The goal is for students to gain a more intuitive understanding of slope. In this lesson on geomorphology we focus on slopes and mass movements. Pdf download access to geography weathering slopes and.

Cie geography as level revision for slopes flashcards. A slope is a ground surface that inclines either may be natural or manmade. Examples of these processes are folding, faulting and vulcanicity. Mass movements are an important part of the erosional process, as it moves material from higher elevations to lower elevations where. Types of slopes natural, artificial, infinite, finite slopes. Aspect sheds is an important metric for local climate. Considerable impetus to slope study has been supplied by the international geographical union through its. Erosion, driven by gravity, is the inevitable response to that uplift, and various types of erosion, including mass wasting, have created slopes in the uplifted regions. Slope development over time and the concept of slope retreat. We consider types of slopes, slope elements, characteristics of slopes as well as slope development.

Cie geography as level revision for slopes quizlet. It is a crucial parameter in several wellknown predictive models used for environmental management, including the universal soil loss equation and agricultural nonpoint source pollution models. A 50foot rise over a 100foot run yields a 50 percent slope. Both chemical and physical weathering occurs on and within slopes, and mass transport can be rapid and hazardous, as in the case of mass wasting, or gradual, as in the case of soil creep. A dip slope is a topographic geomorphic surface which slopes in the same direction, and often by the same amount, as the true dip or apparent dip of the underlying strata. Slope evolution is the development of slopes over time how they change slope processes are the activities acting on the slopes. Outputs from the system also include energy reradiated heat and mass water and regolith. What is the definition for slopes in geography answers. Physical geography deals with the study of natural physical environment of human kind. In humid areas, slopes are frequently rounder, whereas in arid regions slopes are jagged or straight. As the plates separate, rising hot magma comes to fill. Understanding geomorphology is therefore essential to understanding one of the most popular divisions of geography. Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and landscapes.

Black diamond is a naming convention and graphic representation that the ski industry uses to identify the steepest slopes in a geography, generally a pitch of 40% or more, that may or may not be. Apr 08, 2015 the best geography as and a level notes, revision guides, tips and websites compiled from all around the world at one place for your ease so you can prepare for your tests and examinations with the satisfaction that you have the best resources available to you. The wider the contour lines, the flatter the slopes. Downslope from the convex segment, there may be a straight slope element of bare rock. Internal land formingendogenetic processesprocesses operating in the interior of the earth resulting in the formation of natural physical features or landforms. This will be accomplished using topographic maps to illustrate the connection between slope studied in algebra class and the steepness of terrain. A slope which declines in steepness with movement downslope, also known as a waning slope. Mar 16, 2015 grade 11 caps, geomorphology, week 14. Geography notes form 2 free download kcse revision. It is noticed that the slope of a channel is normally steep at the early stage and it goes on reducing as it flows downstream. They are well represented in granitic terrains but also developed in other massive materials such as limestone, sandstone, dacite, rhyolite, and basalt, as well as other plutonic rocks. The term slope refers to an inclined surface or hill slope. Where the scarp is not being undercut, the base and the crest make straightline. The best geography as and a level notes, revision guides, tips and websites compiled from all around the world at one place for your ease so you can prepare for your tests and examinations with the satisfaction that you have the best resources available to you.